Bermuda is an overseas territory of the United Kingdom, and its legal system is based on the English common law comprising statute and case law. Bermuda has developed its own body of common law and statutes, and this has been influenced by several jurisdictions including England, Canada, Australia and New Zealand. Decisions of the English courts are not binding on a Bermuda court, although they are highly persuasive. The decisions of the Privy Council, however, are generally binding on Bermuda courts, unless they are based on a reference from a jurisdiction with considerably different statutory provisions and policies. The Privy Council is Bermuda’s highest appellate court and sits in London.

Bermuda’s insolvency landscape

The principal statutory provisions^[1] governing corporate insolvency and restructuring are contained in Part XIII of the Companies Act 1981 (the Companies Act) and are supported by the Companies (Winding-Up) Rules 1982 (the Winding-Up Rules). The Companies Act is based on the English Companies Act 1948 and the Companies Winding-Up Rules are based on the English Companies (Winding-Up) Rules 1949.^[2] No substantive changes have been made to Part XIII of the Companies Act and the Winding-Up Rules since they were enacted, although there have been minor amendments.

At the heart of Bermuda insolvency law is the principle of pari passu treatment of unsecured creditors (ie, where the company does not have sufficient assets to satisfy its debts to unsecured creditors, each unsecured creditor would receive an equal distribution on a rateable basis according to the quantum of their claim).^[3] Secured creditors are unaffected by insolvency proceedings in Bermuda and may enforce their security in accordance with the terms of the governing security instrument^[4] (although they have standing to present winding-up petitions).

A key feature of Bermuda insolvency law is that the Companies Act provides the ability to challenge certain transactions executed by insolvent companies through avoidance or clawback provisions. This includes the avoidance of preferential payments to creditors and transactions at an undervalue. The Companies Act also provides remedies for fraudulent trading and dispositions of company property after the commencement of the winding-up.

Corporate insolvency and rescue procedures

Bankruptcy procedures are relevant in the context of insolvent funds and individual insolvencies. The remedy of receivership is an important mechanism used when a segregated accounts company is insolvent.

Compulsory liquidation

Typically, a creditor seeking to place a debtor company into liquidation in Bermuda will apply to the court seeking such relief on the grounds the company is unable to pay its debts or that it is just and equitable for the company to be wound up. Compulsory winding-up proceedings can be commenced by any one or more of the following:

Winding-up proceedings are commenced by filing a winding-up petition with the Supreme Court of Bermuda, which is supported by a standard form affidavit verifying the contents of the petition. It is common for the petitioner to annex to the petition documentary evidence of the underlying debt, although this is not strictly necessary. Once the court fixes a date for the hearing of the petition, the petition must be served on the company at its registered office. Before the hearing of the petition, the petitioner must file a certificate of compliance with the Registrar of the Supreme Court certifying that the petition has been properly filed, served and advertised in an appointed newspaper and that other procedural rules have been followed.

Anyone intending to appear at the hearing of the petition, including those who wish to oppose the petition, are required to provide advance written notice to the petitioner within a prescribed time frame, failing which they require special leave of the court to appear at the hearing.

The court, when considering a winding-up petition, may grant, dismiss or adjourn the petition, or make any other order it thinks fit. If a petition is unopposed, the court may make an immediate winding-up order at the first hearing. If a petition is opposed, the court commonly adjourns the first hearing of the petition to allow the parties to prepare their respective cases. The court may also adjourn a winding-up petition to facilitate a proposed restructuring by the company with the assistance of a court-appointed insolvency practitioner known as a ‘provisional liquidator’.

If the court makes a winding-up order (whether at the first hearing or a subsequent hearing), the company’s operations will immediately come to an end. The management of the company is taken from the directors and is placed in the hands of a court-appointed liquidator.^[6] Liquidators are equipped with a wide array of powers to ensure that the company adheres to a statutory process contained in the Winding-Up Rules. This process is intended to promote a systematic and orderly winding up of the company’s affairs.

Provisional liquidation

Provisional liquidation in Bermuda is the appointment of a liquidator other than for the immediate winding up of the company. A provisional liquidator will be nominated by one or more of the parties. The court must accept the credentials of the nominees who, by custom and practice, will be insolvency practitioners.

There are two scenarios where an order for provisional liquidation will be made:

The second type of appointment given above mirrors the English jurisdiction for appointment of provisional liquidators and, like in England, is one of the most extreme tools at the court’s disposal, deployed only in exceptional circumstances.

The first type of provisional liquidation is a distinct feature of Bermuda’s restructuring landscape. Accordingly, where a company is insolvent, instead of making a winding-up order to liquidate the company, the Bermudian court often appoints provisional liquidators with certain, limited powers, known as ‘light-touch’ powers.^[9] This appointment is by far the most common form of provisional liquidation in Bermuda.

In a light-touch liquidation, a company may continue its business operations as usual, pending the implementation of a restructuring plan. This would normally occur where the court is satisfied that a restructuring will produce a better result than a winding up for creditors. As explained by Kawaley CJ in Z-OBEE Holdings Ltd(2017) Bda LR 19:

The Bermudian court has used provisional liquidation as a tool to restructure the affairs of a company, preserve value in a business and provide a platform for distressed companies to recover – which together promotes the sustainability and success of cross-border business.

A key feature of provisional liquidation is the stay of proceedings against the company triggered by the appointment of provisional liquidators. Creditors are protected, given the independent oversight of provisional liquidators who, as officers of the court, are under a duty to act in the best interests of creditors.

A provisional liquidation may be commenced alone or in combination with another process in Bermuda or abroad, for example, in combination with a US bankruptcy, an English restructuring plan or a Bermudian scheme of arrangement.^[10] The combination of restructuring processes in multiple jurisdictions can be a very powerful tool, as demonstrated below in the Noble Group case study.

Schemes of arrangement

A scheme of arrangement is the only statutory court-supervised reorganisation procedure in Bermuda, provided for in sections 99 and 100 of the Companies Act. A scheme of arrangement may be initiated by the company, any member or creditor of the company or, where applicable, a liquidator who has been appointed in relation to the company. A proposed scheme must represent a compromise or arrangement between the company and its creditors or members, or any classes thereof.

Proceedings are started by applying to the Bermudian court for directions to convene meetings with the various classes of creditors or shareholders who will be affected by the scheme’s proposals. Once the meetings have been convened, a further application is made to the court to approve or ‘sanction’ the scheme.

A class of creditors will be made up of creditors whose interests are sufficiently similar so that they can consult together with a view to their common interest.

Cross-class cramdown of a dissenting class of creditors or members is not permitted in a Bermuda scheme of arrangement. If any single class of affected creditors or members does not approve the scheme of arrangement, the court cannot sanction the scheme.

This double majority requirement can lead to creditors representing small amounts in value, if sufficient in number, causing the rejection of a scheme. This represents significant minority creditor protection from the imposition of a scheme they consider unfavourable.

Expedited restructurings

The Companies Act does not provide for an expedited reorganisation, such as a reorganisation by way of a pre-pack arrangement. However, as a matter of practice, a reorganisation may be informally negotiated with a liquidator prior to his or her appointment on the informal understanding that the liquidator will approve the pre-negotiated arrangement once appointed. This type of informal arrangement will have a similar effect to a pre-package deal, but the details of the arrangement will be bespoke to the particular circumstances of the case.

Receivership

Receivers are generally appointed by secured creditors pursuant to the terms of a security agreement. The function of the receiver is to realise the relevant secured assets of the company for the benefit of the security holder. Assets of a company that have been validly secured as security for a company’s indebtedness are exempted from the claims of creditors in insolvency. On completion of the receivership, therefore, there can be a winding up of the assets not realised by the receiver for the benefit of the company’s unsecured creditors.

There is a separate insolvency regime that applies to segregated accounts companies incorporated in Bermuda under the Segregated Accounts Companies Act 2000 (sometimes referred to as ‘protected cell companies’ or ‘segregated portfolio companies’ in other jurisdictions). This regime provides for the appointment of receivers over the segregated accounts (or cells) of the segregated accounts company that are unable to meet their liabilities as they fall due. A liquidator may be appointed over a segregated account company’s general account if it is insolvent. There are relatively few statutory rules underpinning this regime when compared to the winding-up regime that applies to limited liability companies incorporated in Bermuda. It is thought that the Bermudian court would model its approach to the winding up of a segregated accounts company on the court’s established practice in relation to limited liability companies.

Bankruptcy

Corporate insolvency generally refers to the winding-up regime under Part XIII of the Companies Act and the Winding-Up Rules. Bankruptcy is a term that only applies to individual insolvency and limited partnerships, the latter being the corporate vehicle regularly used for investment funds.

Observations

Creditor-friendly jurisdiction

Each Bermudian court seeks to balance competing interests. On the one hand, the court recognises the importance of promoting a culture of rescue (where possible) and strives to assist companies in financial distress where it can. On the other hand, the court recognises that the interests of creditors are paramount, that an attempted rescue will not always maximise value to creditors and that sophisticated creditors are likely to be best placed to assess what course of action is in their commercial interests. Each Bermudian court is adept at applying the statutory regime with enough flexibility to achieve creditor-friendly results, as demonstrated by the development of the provisional liquidation regime, described above.

Bermudian courts are particularly alert to the realities and complexities of international commerce and will cooperate with courts of foreign jurisdictions where there is a Bermudian connection, for example, the company is incorporated in Bermuda, has assets in Bermuda or does business in Bermuda.

Hallmark of provisional liquidation – Noble Group Limited

The value of provisional liquidation was demonstrated in the widely publicised restructuring of Noble Group Limited in 2018. Noble Group was incorporated in Bermuda and listed on the mainboard of the Singapore Exchange. It was the ultimate holding company of a group of companies that was one of the world’s largest commodity traders, with hubs in London, Hong Kong and Singapore. The group managed a portfolio of global supply chains that involved marketing, processing, financing and transporting across the world. The restructuring was highly complicated owing to the very wide range of creditors involved and the global scale of the group’s business.

Noble Group experienced grave financial difficulties because of the industry-wide decline in commodity prices between 2014 and 2016. Noble Group’s pre-restructuring debt exceeded US$3 billion. To avoid liquidation, the company’s directors pursued a financial restructuring based on a debt-for-equity swap and provided for the transfer of Noble Group’s assets to newly incorporated subsidiaries of a newly incorporated holding company, New Noble. Noble Group itself was to be dissolved. Scheme creditors were to be issued with new debt instruments and 70 per cent equity in the new group. The remaining equity was to be apportioned, with 20 per cent issued to existing shareholders and 10 per cent issued to existing management. One of the main goals of the scheme was to provide the new group with access to new hedging and trade finance facilities (US$800 million). These facilities were to be provided by a finance creditor, but also by scheme creditors who chose to guarantee the facility in exchange for senior debt instruments.

The company originally sought to achieve the restructuring solely by entering into parallel schemes of arrangement with its creditors (which were governed by both English and Bermudian law processes). Prior to presenting the English scheme of arrangement, which was regarded as the ‘lead’ scheme, Noble Group took steps to shift its centre of main interests from Hong Kong to England, including by relocating its main office to London from Hong Kong.

The English and Bermuda schemes of arrangement were approved by an overwhelming majority of scheme creditors and were sanctioned by the courts in both jurisdictions. The English scheme was sanctioned on 12 November 2018 and the Bermuda scheme was sanctioned two days later. The US Bankruptcy Court granted recognition of the scheme in the United States, via Chapter 15 of the US Bankruptcy Code, on 15 November 2018. Thereafter, all that remained was for the company’s directors to implement the scheme.

Following sanction of the schemes, however, the Singaporean authorities blocked the transfer of Noble Group’s listing on the Singapore Exchange to New Noble because of an ongoing investigation of the company and one of its subsidiaries. It was previously anticipated that Noble Group’s listing status in Singapore would be transferred to New Noble and the company’s directors had received prior shareholder approvals to pursue the restructuring on this basis. For various reasons – importantly, the stance taken by the Singaporean authorities – the directors were prevented from implementing the scheme in the manner contemplated.

Noble Group’s directors consequently pursued its restructuring using liquidation on a light-touch basis. On 14 December 2018, the Bermudian court appointed a provisional liquidator with light-touch powers over Noble Group. The significance of this appointment lies in the fact that the provisional liquidator was not subject to the same constraints faced by the company’s directors. His mandate would be solely guided by the best interest of the creditors, while at the same time being subject to the supervision of the court and having the benefit of a stay of proceedings against the company.

In the context of Noble Group, the provisional liquidator was granted sufficient latitude to implement the transfer of the company’s assets to the New Noble, provided that the scheme creditors were not prejudiced, even if that meant that the New Noble would no longer have a listing on the Singapore Stock Exchange as previously envisaged. Today, the New Noble is fully operational and the restructuring was a success. Had the Bermudian court not appointed a provisional liquidator, the company would have undergone a compulsory liquidation, its business would have come to an end and creditors would have received a significantly smaller dividend.

Recent developments in provisional liquidation – HSBC v NewOcean

NewOcean Energy Holdings Limited (NewOcean) is a Hong Kong listed, Bermuda incorporated, holding company for businesses in various sectors, including liquefied petroleum gas, real estate and shipping.

In 2020, NewOcean encountered financial difficulties. It owed in excess of US$800 million to a number of banks. NewOcean entered into negotiations with over 30 bank creditors and tried to restructure its debt by way of parallel schemes of arrangement in Hong Kong and Bermuda. Those schemes were ultimately unsuccessful, having failed to win sufficient support of creditors. On 22 October 2021, the Hong Kong and Shanghai Banking Corporation Ltd (HSBC), one of the bank’s creditors, presented a petition for NewOcean’s winding up.

NewOcean had failed to respond to a statutory demand served by HSBC and so was deemed insolvent. The first default to HSBC was on 2 September 2020, and petition was first heard at the end of 2021; NewOcean was clearly cash-flow insolvent as a matter of fact. NewOcean accepted this in its evidence but claimed that it was balance sheet solvent (ie, that despite its current liquidity issues, the values of its assets exceeded its liabilities).

Relying on this fact, among others, NewOcean applied to adjourn the petition and appoint joint provisional liquidators (JPLs) on a light-touch basis. The court did so, adjourning the petition. The court appointed JPLs on 14 December 2021, and the petition was adjourned on a number of occasions thereafter. The court appointed the petitioning creditor’s compulsory liquidator nominees as JPLs instead of the nominees proposed by the company. By the end of March 2022, the extent to which creditor sentiment had hardened against NewOcean was very clear. A total of 64.8 per cent of bank creditors opposed any further adjournment and supported an immediate winding-up order. To secure its restructuring, NewOcean needed 75 per cent of its creditors to approve its proposed scheme.

On 9 May 2022, the petition was adjourned again for reasons given by Mussenden J in a written judgment dated 31 May 2022. In that judgment, the court held that four exceptional circumstances that were relied upon by NewOcean were still in existence:

The 31 May 2022 judgment, in particular the decision to adjourn, was appealed by HSBC as the petitioning creditor. The appeal was heard on 25 July 2022 and on 26 July 2022, the Court of Appeal allowed the appeal making a winding-up order against NewOcean (rather than choosing to remit the matter to the first instance court). The Court of Appeal’s reasons were handed down on 30 September 2022.

The following key points of principle can be derived from the Court of Appeal’s judgment:

Sir Christopher Clarke P, delivering the judgment of the Court of Appeal, found that in the decision adjourning the petition dated 31 May 2022, the judge had failed to consider (sufficiently or at all) a number of relevant considerations including the:

This judgment clarifies the circumstances in which an order for provisional liquidation will be made and when the court should instead make an immediate winding-up order. The Court of Appeal has reaffirmed that the views of creditors take precedence over other considerations and made clear that those seeking to appoint provisional liquidators must cooperate with them.

The company – acting through Mr Shum, its executive director – subsequently sought and was refused leave appeal to the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council from the Court of Appeal’s decision and a stay of the order that was made in May 2022, pending the final determination by the Privy Council of the appeal. The Court of Appeal formed the view that a further appeal would not raise any question of great general or public importance. In making its decision to decline the stay, the Court considered that:

These decisions demonstrate the extent to which the court will respond to prevent companies from taking advantage of the light-touch regime.

Cross-border support

There are two main types of cases involving cross-border support that frequently arise in Bermuda. First, there are cases in which a winding-up proceeding is commenced in Bermuda to run parallel to, or in tandem with, an insolvency proceeding taking place elsewhere for the purpose of restructuring a Bermuda-registered company. Specifically, there have been a number of cases where Bermuda companies have been the subject of Chapter 11 proceedings in the United States, in which the Bermudian court has appointed provisional liquidators with light-touch powers to supervise the directors in the conduct of the Chapter 11 proceedings and to report to the Bermudian court. The Bermudian court will generally defer to the Chapter 11 proceedings and give effect to the Chapter 11 plan or reorganisation. As mentioned above, the advantages of this approach include independent oversight of the restructuring by court officers (ie, the provisional liquidators) focused on protecting creditors’ interests and achieving a stay of proceedings against the company that is triggered by the appointment of provisional liquidators.

Second, there are cases in which a foreign office holder (eg, a liquidator) applies to the Bermudian court for relief to assist with a liquidation taking place outside Bermuda, for instance, by asking the Bermudian court to order Bermuda entities to produce information or orders compelling individuals in Bermuda to provide witness evidence. The Bermudian court may exercise its common law power to assist in these cases, and has demonstrated a general willingness to do so, provided that the foreign office holder could obtain the same relief from the court in the country where the liquidation is taking place.

In relation to the topic of cross-border support, the Bermudian court does not have jurisdiction to wind up overseas companies, except for certain statutory exceptions. In the context of a group of companies, this restriction means that the Bermudian court lacks jurisdiction to wind up a multinational group of companies, as it is not possible to obtain an ancillary winding-up order from the Bermudian court in respect of a company within the corporate group that is domiciled outside Bermuda.

On the other hand, where the Bermudian court has appointed liquidators to wind up a Bermuda company, the liquidators may commence ancillary insolvency proceedings in other jurisdictions that permit ancillary proceedings (eg, in England or Hong Kong).

The Supreme Court of Bermuda has issued practice directions relating to cross-border insolvencies, modelled on the draft guidelines adopted by the Judicial Insolvency Network in October 2016.

Looking ahead

Bermuda is a consistently reliable restructuring jurisdiction. Its well-established legal, regulatory and enforcement framework allows for continuity in its diligent approach to corporate restructurings. Bermuda takes pride in its ability to provide innovative and progressive restructuring solutions for companies with a wide and diverse global reach – in presence and industries – while providing a high degree of comfort to creditors that their interests are always been considered.

The INSOL conference in Bermuda this year raised some interesting questions, particularly in relation to the use of the provisional liquidation regime (and application of insolvency principles) in the context of insolvent segregated accounts companies as well as the continued development of cross-border cooperation where the tide of insolvency jurisprudence appears to be changing in East Asia. We have no doubt that insolvency practitioners and the Bermudian courts will have a strong focus on these two areas as 2024 unfolds.

Notes

^[1] Certain provisions within the Bankruptcy Act 1989 apply to companies under section 235 of the Companies Act.

^[2] English insolvency law has been reformed significantly since the English Companies Act 1948 and the Companies (Winding-Up) Rules 1949.

^[3] In certain circumstances, employees may have a preferential status.

^[4] The stay of proceedings that occurs when a winding-up order is made does not prevent secured creditors from exercising their rights under validly created security.

^[5] However, the court will not give a hearing to a winding-up petition presented by a contingent or prospective creditor until security for costs has been given and a prima facie case for winding up has been established.

^[6] Technically, the liquidator appointed on the making of a winding-up order is a ‘provisional’ liquidator until their appointment is confirmed by a majority vote at the first meeting of creditors and contributories – which usually takes place within three months of the making of the order. Once a liquidator’s appointment is confirmed, they are known as a permanent liquidator.

^[7] It is not a requirement that the company be insolvent within the strict definitions set out in the Companies Act 1981. A lower level of financial distress will be sufficient.

^[8] When a winding-up order is made, the liquidator appointed will be a ‘provisional liquidator’ until confirmed by the first meetings of creditors and contributories; however, in those circumstances, the company is in winding-up and is not in ‘provisional liquidation’ despite the, perhaps rather confusing, overlap in use of provisional liquidator as a title.

^[9] Authority for provisional liquidators with ‘light touch’ powers is not found in the Companies Act or any other legislation, but rather in Bermuda common law.

^[10] It is said to be unprecedented for a scheme of arrangement to be promoted by an insolvent company without a concurrent provisional liquidation (per Kawaley CJ at 25 of Re Up Energy [2016] BDA LR 94).

First published in Americas Restructuring Review 2024 – Global Restructuring Review – December 2023